20:28
ScienceDaily (Jan. 9, 2008) — Lack of water causes great distress among the population in large parts of Africa and Asia. Small decentralized water treatment plants with an autonomous power supply can help solve the problem: They transform salty seawater or brackish water into pure drinking water.
Large industrial plants for the desalination of seawater deliver 50 million cubic meters of fresh water every day – particularly in the coastal cities of the Middle East. However, the technology is complex and consumes large amounts of energy. It is not suitable for the arid and semiarid regions of Africa and India, though these are the very places where it is becoming increasingly difficult to supply drinking water, particularly in rural areas.
“The regions have a very poor infrastructure. Quite often there is no electricity grid, so conventional desalination plants are out of the question,” states Joachim Koschikowski of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Freiburg. In various EU-funded projects over the past few years, he and his team have developed small, decentralized water desalination plants that produce fresh drinking water with their own independent solar power supply.
“Our plants work on the principle of membrane distillation,” explains Koschikowski. This can best be explained by the principle of a Gore-Tex jacket, in which the membrane prevents rainwater from penetrating through to the skin. At the same time, water vapor formed inside the jacket by perspiration is passed through to the outside. “In our plant, the salty water is heated up and guided along a micro-porous, water-repellent membrane. Cold drinking water flows along the other side of the membrane. The steam pressure gradient resulting from the temperature difference causes part of the salt water to evaporate and pass through the membrane. The salt is left behind, and the water vapor condenses as it cools on the other side. It leaves us with clean, germ-free water,” says Koschikowski.
The researchers have so far built two different systems, both with their own energy supply. “Our compact system for about 120 liters of fresh water per day consists of six square meters of thermal solar collectors, a small photovoltaic module to power a pump, and the desalination module itself,” explains Koschikowski. In the dual-circuit system, on the other hand, several desalination modules are connected in parallel, enabling several cubic meters of water to be treated every day.
One cubic meter of drinking water – 1000 liters – will cost about 10 euros. “When you think how much the inhabitants currently have to pay for the same amount of bottled water or soft drinks, the plant will pay off very quickly,” claims Koschikowski. The test plants in Gran Canaria and in Jordan have been operating successfully for some time. The researchers are therefore planning to market the plants through a spin-off known as “SolarSpring” from the middle of this year.
Adapted from materials provided by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.
Large industrial plants for the desalination of seawater deliver 50 million cubic meters of fresh water every day – particularly in the coastal cities of the Middle East. However, the technology is complex and consumes large amounts of energy. It is not suitable for the arid and semiarid regions of Africa and India, though these are the very places where it is becoming increasingly difficult to supply drinking water, particularly in rural areas.
“The regions have a very poor infrastructure. Quite often there is no electricity grid, so conventional desalination plants are out of the question,” states Joachim Koschikowski of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE in Freiburg. In various EU-funded projects over the past few years, he and his team have developed small, decentralized water desalination plants that produce fresh drinking water with their own independent solar power supply.
“Our plants work on the principle of membrane distillation,” explains Koschikowski. This can best be explained by the principle of a Gore-Tex jacket, in which the membrane prevents rainwater from penetrating through to the skin. At the same time, water vapor formed inside the jacket by perspiration is passed through to the outside. “In our plant, the salty water is heated up and guided along a micro-porous, water-repellent membrane. Cold drinking water flows along the other side of the membrane. The steam pressure gradient resulting from the temperature difference causes part of the salt water to evaporate and pass through the membrane. The salt is left behind, and the water vapor condenses as it cools on the other side. It leaves us with clean, germ-free water,” says Koschikowski.
The researchers have so far built two different systems, both with their own energy supply. “Our compact system for about 120 liters of fresh water per day consists of six square meters of thermal solar collectors, a small photovoltaic module to power a pump, and the desalination module itself,” explains Koschikowski. In the dual-circuit system, on the other hand, several desalination modules are connected in parallel, enabling several cubic meters of water to be treated every day.
One cubic meter of drinking water – 1000 liters – will cost about 10 euros. “When you think how much the inhabitants currently have to pay for the same amount of bottled water or soft drinks, the plant will pay off very quickly,” claims Koschikowski. The test plants in Gran Canaria and in Jordan have been operating successfully for some time. The researchers are therefore planning to market the plants through a spin-off known as “SolarSpring” from the middle of this year.
Adapted from materials provided by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.
20:26
ScienceDaily (Feb. 14, 2008) — Nanotechnology researchers are developing the perfect complement to the power tie: a "power shirt" able to generate electricity to power small electronic devices for soldiers in the field, hikers and others whose physical motion could be harnessed and converted to electrical energy.
The February 14 issue of the journal Nature details how pairs of textile fibers covered with zinc oxide nanowires can generate electrical current using the piezoelectric effect. Combining current flow from many fiber pairs woven into a shirt or jacket could allow the wearer's body movement to power a range of portable electronic devices. The fibers could also be woven into curtains, tents or other structures to capture energy from wind motion, sound vibration or other mechanical energy.
"The fiber-based nanogenerator would be a simple and economical way to harvest energy from physical movement," said Zhong Lin Wang, a Regents professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "If we can combine many of these fibers in double or triple layers in clothing, we could provide a flexible, foldable and wearable power source that, for example, would allow people to generate their own electrical current while walking."
The microfiber-nanowire hybrid system builds on the nanowire nanogenerator that Wang's research team announced in April 2007. That system generates current from arrays of vertically-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires that flex beneath an electrode containing conductive platinum tips. The nanowire nanogenerator was designed to harness energy from environmental sources such as ultrasonic waves, mechanical vibrations or blood flow.
The nanogenerators developed by Wang's research group take advantage of the unique coupled piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of zinc oxide nanostructures, which produce small electrical charges when they are flexed. After a year of development, the original nanogenerators -- which are two by three millimeters square -- can produce up to 800 nanoamperes and 20 millivolts.
The microfiber generators rely on the same principles, but are made from soft materials and designed to capture energy from low-frequency mechanical energy. They consist of DuPont Kevlar fibers on which zinc oxide nanowires have been grown radially and embedded in a polymer at their roots, creating what appear to be microscopic baby-bottle brushes with billions of bristles. One of the fibers in each pair is also coated with gold to serve as the electrode and to deflect the nanowire tips.
"The two fibers scrub together just like two bottle brushes with their bristles touching, and the piezoelectric-semiconductor process converts the mechanical motion into electrical energy," Wang explained. "Many of these devices could be put together to produce higher power output."
Wang and collaborators Xudong Wang and Yong Qin have made more than 200 of the fiber nanogenerators. Each is tested on an apparatus that uses a spring and wheel to move one fiber against the other. The fibers are rubbed together for up to 30 minutes to test their durability and power production.
So far, the researchers have measured current of about four nanoamperes and output voltage of about four millivolts from a nanogenerator that included two fibers that were each one centimeter long. With a much improved design, Wang estimates that a square meter of fabric made from the special fibers could theoretically generate as much as 80 milliwatts of power.
Fabrication of the microfiber nanogenerator begins with coating a 100-nanometer seed layer of zinc oxide onto the Kevlar using magnetron sputtering. The fibers are then immersed in a reactant solution for approximately 12 hours, which causes nanowires to grow from the seed layer at a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius. The growth produces uniform coverage of the fibers, with typical lengths of about 3.5 microns and several hundred nanometers between each fiber.
To help maintain the nanowires' connection to the Kevlar, the researchers apply two layers of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to the fiber. "First we coat the fiber with the polymer, then with a zinc oxide layer," Wang explained. "Then we grow the nanowires and re-infiltrate the fiber with the polymer. This helps to avoid scrubbing off the nanowires when the fibers rub together."
Finally, the researchers apply a 300 nanometer layer of gold to some of the nanowire-covered Kevlar. The two different fibers are then paired up and entangled to ensure that a gold-coated fiber contacts a fiber covered only with zinc oxide nanowires. The gold fibers serve as a Shottky barrier with the zinc oxide, substituting for the platinum-tipped electrode used in the original nanogenerator.
To ensure that the current they measured was produced by the piezoelectric-semiconductor effect and not just static electricity, the researchers conducted several tests. They tried rubbing gold fibers together, and zinc oxide fibers together, neither of which produced current. They also reversed the polarity of the connections, which changed the output current and voltage.
By allowing nanowire growth to take place at temperatures as low as 80 degrees Celsius, the new fabrication technique would allow the nanostructures to be grown on virtually any shape or substrate.
As a next step, the researchers want to combine multiple fiber pairs to increase the current and voltage levels. They also plan to improve conductance of their fibers.
However, one significant challenge lies head for the power shirt -- washing it. Zinc oxide is sensitive to moisture, so in real shirts or jackets, the nanowires would have to be protected from the effects of the washing machine, Wang noted.
The research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center for Personalized and Predictive Oncology.
Adapted from materials provided by Georgia Institute of Technology, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
The February 14 issue of the journal Nature details how pairs of textile fibers covered with zinc oxide nanowires can generate electrical current using the piezoelectric effect. Combining current flow from many fiber pairs woven into a shirt or jacket could allow the wearer's body movement to power a range of portable electronic devices. The fibers could also be woven into curtains, tents or other structures to capture energy from wind motion, sound vibration or other mechanical energy.
"The fiber-based nanogenerator would be a simple and economical way to harvest energy from physical movement," said Zhong Lin Wang, a Regents professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "If we can combine many of these fibers in double or triple layers in clothing, we could provide a flexible, foldable and wearable power source that, for example, would allow people to generate their own electrical current while walking."
The microfiber-nanowire hybrid system builds on the nanowire nanogenerator that Wang's research team announced in April 2007. That system generates current from arrays of vertically-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires that flex beneath an electrode containing conductive platinum tips. The nanowire nanogenerator was designed to harness energy from environmental sources such as ultrasonic waves, mechanical vibrations or blood flow.
The nanogenerators developed by Wang's research group take advantage of the unique coupled piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of zinc oxide nanostructures, which produce small electrical charges when they are flexed. After a year of development, the original nanogenerators -- which are two by three millimeters square -- can produce up to 800 nanoamperes and 20 millivolts.
The microfiber generators rely on the same principles, but are made from soft materials and designed to capture energy from low-frequency mechanical energy. They consist of DuPont Kevlar fibers on which zinc oxide nanowires have been grown radially and embedded in a polymer at their roots, creating what appear to be microscopic baby-bottle brushes with billions of bristles. One of the fibers in each pair is also coated with gold to serve as the electrode and to deflect the nanowire tips.
"The two fibers scrub together just like two bottle brushes with their bristles touching, and the piezoelectric-semiconductor process converts the mechanical motion into electrical energy," Wang explained. "Many of these devices could be put together to produce higher power output."
Wang and collaborators Xudong Wang and Yong Qin have made more than 200 of the fiber nanogenerators. Each is tested on an apparatus that uses a spring and wheel to move one fiber against the other. The fibers are rubbed together for up to 30 minutes to test their durability and power production.
So far, the researchers have measured current of about four nanoamperes and output voltage of about four millivolts from a nanogenerator that included two fibers that were each one centimeter long. With a much improved design, Wang estimates that a square meter of fabric made from the special fibers could theoretically generate as much as 80 milliwatts of power.
Fabrication of the microfiber nanogenerator begins with coating a 100-nanometer seed layer of zinc oxide onto the Kevlar using magnetron sputtering. The fibers are then immersed in a reactant solution for approximately 12 hours, which causes nanowires to grow from the seed layer at a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius. The growth produces uniform coverage of the fibers, with typical lengths of about 3.5 microns and several hundred nanometers between each fiber.
To help maintain the nanowires' connection to the Kevlar, the researchers apply two layers of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to the fiber. "First we coat the fiber with the polymer, then with a zinc oxide layer," Wang explained. "Then we grow the nanowires and re-infiltrate the fiber with the polymer. This helps to avoid scrubbing off the nanowires when the fibers rub together."
Finally, the researchers apply a 300 nanometer layer of gold to some of the nanowire-covered Kevlar. The two different fibers are then paired up and entangled to ensure that a gold-coated fiber contacts a fiber covered only with zinc oxide nanowires. The gold fibers serve as a Shottky barrier with the zinc oxide, substituting for the platinum-tipped electrode used in the original nanogenerator.
To ensure that the current they measured was produced by the piezoelectric-semiconductor effect and not just static electricity, the researchers conducted several tests. They tried rubbing gold fibers together, and zinc oxide fibers together, neither of which produced current. They also reversed the polarity of the connections, which changed the output current and voltage.
By allowing nanowire growth to take place at temperatures as low as 80 degrees Celsius, the new fabrication technique would allow the nanostructures to be grown on virtually any shape or substrate.
As a next step, the researchers want to combine multiple fiber pairs to increase the current and voltage levels. They also plan to improve conductance of their fibers.
However, one significant challenge lies head for the power shirt -- washing it. Zinc oxide is sensitive to moisture, so in real shirts or jackets, the nanowires would have to be protected from the effects of the washing machine, Wang noted.
The research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center for Personalized and Predictive Oncology.
Adapted from materials provided by Georgia Institute of Technology, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
22:59
If you are one of those who rushes home from work because it is time for X-files, or your favorite movie, Alien is being screened, then UFO's and paranormal activities must interest you a lot. Earlier, people would go to libraries to look for information on these aspects, and there weren’t many references available since very few believed in these supernatural powers. But today, with the advancement in technology and the introduction of Internet, anything and everything can be found on the web world.
There are millions of people across the world who believes in Ghosts, and UFO's, doing research or being part of groups. One such concept that has evolved in the recent past is that of social network website. These are a forum whereby like minded people can interact, make new friends from across the globe and connect to learn something new. Some have even sighted crop circles appearing out of the blue, which they believe is to have been done by UFO's or ghosts. For such experiences to be shared and for others who are into it to feel free on expressing their thoughts, this social network site forms a friendly platform. If they are from the same town or city, they could interact online, and then meet up offline as well. There are times when members make friends with other UFO lovers and have a meeting of sorts about the supernatural powers existence.
A place for believers of paranormal science to meet, and a chance for them to discuss, debate over the theories of flying saucer or alien existence. To become a member of the site, one needs to register, and fill out the profile page. This is so others visiting the member's page will know some information about them, and be able to connect better. you could list your favorite books, or TV shows on crop circles or the supernatural or give instances where you witnessed a UFO flying over your roof.
The sites allow members to post pictures, or videos to substantiate their beliefs and experiences. this gives it a very real feeling, and enables other members to identify the one's who share the same interests. Crop circles, ghosts are all make believe for some, whereas for members of the social network site, they are very much a part of reality.
When we tell a friend about Ghosts, or UFO's, they are likely to laugh at us or say we are dreaming. but for those who have unshakeable belief, they are for real. This is why this website is the best place for them to be a part of.
Among the explanations for crop circles are that they are man made, but there are others who firmly believe they are related to paranormal actions, and UFOs. These are the people who will be interested if someone is talking about the Roswell UFO instance, which happened way back in 1947. Due to their strong belief, and faith, these members are completely into UFO's and Ghosts.
There are millions of people across the world who believes in Ghosts, and UFO's, doing research or being part of groups. One such concept that has evolved in the recent past is that of social network website. These are a forum whereby like minded people can interact, make new friends from across the globe and connect to learn something new. Some have even sighted crop circles appearing out of the blue, which they believe is to have been done by UFO's or ghosts. For such experiences to be shared and for others who are into it to feel free on expressing their thoughts, this social network site forms a friendly platform. If they are from the same town or city, they could interact online, and then meet up offline as well. There are times when members make friends with other UFO lovers and have a meeting of sorts about the supernatural powers existence.
A place for believers of paranormal science to meet, and a chance for them to discuss, debate over the theories of flying saucer or alien existence. To become a member of the site, one needs to register, and fill out the profile page. This is so others visiting the member's page will know some information about them, and be able to connect better. you could list your favorite books, or TV shows on crop circles or the supernatural or give instances where you witnessed a UFO flying over your roof.
The sites allow members to post pictures, or videos to substantiate their beliefs and experiences. this gives it a very real feeling, and enables other members to identify the one's who share the same interests. Crop circles, ghosts are all make believe for some, whereas for members of the social network site, they are very much a part of reality.
When we tell a friend about Ghosts, or UFO's, they are likely to laugh at us or say we are dreaming. but for those who have unshakeable belief, they are for real. This is why this website is the best place for them to be a part of.
Among the explanations for crop circles are that they are man made, but there are others who firmly believe they are related to paranormal actions, and UFOs. These are the people who will be interested if someone is talking about the Roswell UFO instance, which happened way back in 1947. Due to their strong belief, and faith, these members are completely into UFO's and Ghosts.
Article Source: http://ezinearticle.net
Alpine speaks about Social Network about paranormal and UFO. This Article is intended for everyone who is interested in paranormal phenomena. (UFO, ghosts, crop circles and so on).
22:45
Turkish is spoken by more than 70 million people throughout the world. Turkish speakers reside primarily in Turkey, though very significant populations of speakers now reside in Germany with smaller communities existing in Cyprus, Bulgaria, and other parts of Eastern Europe.
Kurdish is spoken by approximately seven to ten percent of Turkey's population. Even minorities in Turkey however are usually bilingual, speaking Turkish in varying levels of proficiency.
In more recent years several million Turkish speakers have immigrated to Western Europe, primarily to Germany. Turkish also holds an official status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia depending on the levels of Turkish-speaking local population.
The Turkish language is a member of the Turkish subgroup of the Oghuz language family which includes Gagauz and Azeri. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the Turkic languages. This language family comprisesof 30 or so living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Interestingly,mutual intelligibility between Turkish Azeri does exist.
The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire was in fact a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably from the period's everyday spoken Turkish, and is termed Ottoman Turkish.
The Turkish language has its roots in Central Asia. The first written records date back approximately 1,200 years. The rise of the Ottoman Empire extended the geographical reach of Turkish. Turkic occurred during the Middle Ages from the 6th through the 11th centuries, with people speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia to Europe and the Mediterranean.
The aftermath of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire brought about a number of political and nationalistic reforms. In 1928 the Turkish leader Atatürk initiated a number of reforms which included the modification of the Turkish alphabet by the adoption of a phonetic variant using the Latin alphabet.
The Turkish Language Association was established during this time and attempted to reform the Turkish language by removing Persian and Arabic loanwords in favor of adopting native variations from Turkish roots.
These linguistic changes, including the implementation of the revised Turkish alphabet, shaped the Turkish language as we know it today. The influence of the Turkish Language Association continued though in 1951 in became an independent body. Today Istanbul Turkish is the official standard for Turkish.
Kurdish is spoken by approximately seven to ten percent of Turkey's population. Even minorities in Turkey however are usually bilingual, speaking Turkish in varying levels of proficiency.
In more recent years several million Turkish speakers have immigrated to Western Europe, primarily to Germany. Turkish also holds an official status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia depending on the levels of Turkish-speaking local population.
The Turkish language is a member of the Turkish subgroup of the Oghuz language family which includes Gagauz and Azeri. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the Turkic languages. This language family comprisesof 30 or so living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Interestingly,mutual intelligibility between Turkish Azeri does exist.
The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire was in fact a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably from the period's everyday spoken Turkish, and is termed Ottoman Turkish.
The Turkish language has its roots in Central Asia. The first written records date back approximately 1,200 years. The rise of the Ottoman Empire extended the geographical reach of Turkish. Turkic occurred during the Middle Ages from the 6th through the 11th centuries, with people speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia to Europe and the Mediterranean.
The aftermath of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire brought about a number of political and nationalistic reforms. In 1928 the Turkish leader Atatürk initiated a number of reforms which included the modification of the Turkish alphabet by the adoption of a phonetic variant using the Latin alphabet.
The Turkish Language Association was established during this time and attempted to reform the Turkish language by removing Persian and Arabic loanwords in favor of adopting native variations from Turkish roots.
These linguistic changes, including the implementation of the revised Turkish alphabet, shaped the Turkish language as we know it today. The influence of the Turkish Language Association continued though in 1951 in became an independent body. Today Istanbul Turkish is the official standard for Turkish.
Article Source: http://ezinearticle.net
Jacob Lumbroso is an enthusiast for foreign languages, history, and foreign cultures. He writes articles on history and languages for and has used Pimsleur courses to learn various languages.
22:45
Turkish is spoken by more than 70 million people throughout the world. Turkish speakers reside primarily in Turkey, though very significant populations of speakers now reside in Germany with smaller communities existing in Cyprus, Bulgaria, and other parts of Eastern Europe.
Kurdish is spoken by approximately seven to ten percent of Turkey's population. Even minorities in Turkey however are usually bilingual, speaking Turkish in varying levels of proficiency.
In more recent years several million Turkish speakers have immigrated to Western Europe, primarily to Germany. Turkish also holds an official status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia depending on the levels of Turkish-speaking local population.
The Turkish language is a member of the Turkish subgroup of the Oghuz language family which includes Gagauz and Azeri. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the Turkic languages. This language family comprisesof 30 or so living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Interestingly,mutual intelligibility between Turkish Azeri does exist.
The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire was in fact a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably from the period's everyday spoken Turkish, and is termed Ottoman Turkish.
The Turkish language has its roots in Central Asia. The first written records date back approximately 1,200 years. The rise of the Ottoman Empire extended the geographical reach of Turkish. Turkic occurred during the Middle Ages from the 6th through the 11th centuries, with people speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia to Europe and the Mediterranean.
The aftermath of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire brought about a number of political and nationalistic reforms. In 1928 the Turkish leader Atatürk initiated a number of reforms which included the modification of the Turkish alphabet by the adoption of a phonetic variant using the Latin alphabet.
The Turkish Language Association was established during this time and attempted to reform the Turkish language by removing Persian and Arabic loanwords in favor of adopting native variations from Turkish roots.
These linguistic changes, including the implementation of the revised Turkish alphabet, shaped the Turkish language as we know it today. The influence of the Turkish Language Association continued though in 1951 in became an independent body. Today Istanbul Turkish is the official standard for Turkish.
Kurdish is spoken by approximately seven to ten percent of Turkey's population. Even minorities in Turkey however are usually bilingual, speaking Turkish in varying levels of proficiency.
In more recent years several million Turkish speakers have immigrated to Western Europe, primarily to Germany. Turkish also holds an official status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia depending on the levels of Turkish-speaking local population.
The Turkish language is a member of the Turkish subgroup of the Oghuz language family which includes Gagauz and Azeri. The Oghuz languages form the Southwestern subgroup of the Turkic languages. This language family comprisesof 30 or so living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Interestingly,mutual intelligibility between Turkish Azeri does exist.
The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire was in fact a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably from the period's everyday spoken Turkish, and is termed Ottoman Turkish.
The Turkish language has its roots in Central Asia. The first written records date back approximately 1,200 years. The rise of the Ottoman Empire extended the geographical reach of Turkish. Turkic occurred during the Middle Ages from the 6th through the 11th centuries, with people speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia to Europe and the Mediterranean.
The aftermath of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire brought about a number of political and nationalistic reforms. In 1928 the Turkish leader Atatürk initiated a number of reforms which included the modification of the Turkish alphabet by the adoption of a phonetic variant using the Latin alphabet.
The Turkish Language Association was established during this time and attempted to reform the Turkish language by removing Persian and Arabic loanwords in favor of adopting native variations from Turkish roots.
These linguistic changes, including the implementation of the revised Turkish alphabet, shaped the Turkish language as we know it today. The influence of the Turkish Language Association continued though in 1951 in became an independent body. Today Istanbul Turkish is the official standard for Turkish.
Article Source: http://ezinearticle.net
Jacob Lumbroso is an enthusiast for foreign languages, history, and foreign cultures. He writes articles on history and languages for and has used Pimsleur courses to learn various languages.
22:41
Biological gas consumption commonly climbs and drops with the seasons. In the wintertime, we historically have used a lot more biological gas for warming. We are veering towards using natural gas for electrical energy, in addition to heat. So, we are consuming more and more natural gas year round. Spikes in the summer time are seemly more basic than ever now that natural gas is being used for cooling in our homes and businesses. The high demand for clean burning, energy economic natural gas involves that we constantly extract, process and move natural gas to the areas that need it most. We also must stock redundant gas so that it is ready for use. We store certain amounts based on expected consumption and we store excess amounts that will secure that the supply equals or exceeds the demand when natural gas needs spike higher than expected.
We used to mostly deplete coal gas. Coal gas was stored in gasometers starting in the mid-eighteenth century. These were big, above-ground tanks that slowly slumped into the ground as the gas reserves were used up. Coal gas was used mainly in towns for lighting, heating and sometimes cooking. Coal gas quickly became widely referred to as community gas. Once large biological gas stores were came across in the late 20th century, we finally gave up using coal gas. Natural gas is far safer and cheaper than coal gas ever was.
We distill natural gas from the natural gas stores and move it via pipeline to where it is needed. Natural gas in a gaseous state can take up a lot of room. Therefore, we chill it to a temperature that puts it into a liquid state. Old aquifers are supposed to contain liquid and are a good underground option for housing liquid natural gas. Natural gas is much too dangerous to store above ground in tanks where it can be exposed to heat, so underground choices are preferable.
Biological gas can as well be stored in aged salt mines or old gas reservoirs. Gas stores are beneath the ground and are composed of holey rock. This rock held natural gas at some time and makes a well-suited location for storing natural gas. We usually store natural gas in gas stores that we would expect to consume within about a year's time. It can be extremely complicated to extract the gas that we need from gas reservoirs, so other methods are used for gas demands that are unexpected.
We house natural gas in aquifers and salt mines for unforseen needs. These emplacements offer a quick retrieval of natural gas when we have a sudden demand. The tank of naural gas in an aquifer or salt mine usually lasts a couple of days or weeks tops. Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.
We used to mostly deplete coal gas. Coal gas was stored in gasometers starting in the mid-eighteenth century. These were big, above-ground tanks that slowly slumped into the ground as the gas reserves were used up. Coal gas was used mainly in towns for lighting, heating and sometimes cooking. Coal gas quickly became widely referred to as community gas. Once large biological gas stores were came across in the late 20th century, we finally gave up using coal gas. Natural gas is far safer and cheaper than coal gas ever was.
We distill natural gas from the natural gas stores and move it via pipeline to where it is needed. Natural gas in a gaseous state can take up a lot of room. Therefore, we chill it to a temperature that puts it into a liquid state. Old aquifers are supposed to contain liquid and are a good underground option for housing liquid natural gas. Natural gas is much too dangerous to store above ground in tanks where it can be exposed to heat, so underground choices are preferable.
Biological gas can as well be stored in aged salt mines or old gas reservoirs. Gas stores are beneath the ground and are composed of holey rock. This rock held natural gas at some time and makes a well-suited location for storing natural gas. We usually store natural gas in gas stores that we would expect to consume within about a year's time. It can be extremely complicated to extract the gas that we need from gas reservoirs, so other methods are used for gas demands that are unexpected.
We house natural gas in aquifers and salt mines for unforseen needs. These emplacements offer a quick retrieval of natural gas when we have a sudden demand. The tank of naural gas in an aquifer or salt mine usually lasts a couple of days or weeks tops. Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.
Article Source: http://ezinearticle.net
For More Information, Visit Ashworth College
22:22
Scientific Discovery
nuell
The following reports a Discovery made in nature, particularly human nature. Invalidating the theory of evolution of species, the researchers name Intellect, which we used to address as God, or the "supernatural", as being responsible for the living world's diversity. Just as it was discovered a long time ago that the Earth was not flat, this discovery reveals that humans were engineered or, to use widely accepted terminology, arrived by the process of intelligent design.
Intellect alone was the highest cause of the order in nature which with degrees of complexity arrived at the birth of humankind. Initiation of matter to the level of highly structured systematic unity is to be addressed to the action of supreme intellect that exercised, relatively fundamental to our knowledge, power of radiation in the creation of the living world. Simply saying, Intellect was the only quality that created matter, a living organism and human intelligence. Supporting the previous statement, the researchers name the discovered; first, electromagnetic radiation as universal medium of determination and second, electromagnetic intelligence of a man - a "microsoft" data processing unit of the human brain. The living world, with its diversity, was created by the use of electromagnetic radiation. The latest version represents an intelligent tool (similarly to software) of the highest causality for originating living matter, its forms and human intellect. For years, the human brain has been compared to a computer; the discovery reports that the computer is there, detectable by electromagnetic frequencies. Humanity appears to be artificial intelligence of that Supreme Being which contains the conditions of all possible effects and all embracing reality; which, the authors believe, honored a man with intellect of its own (in the image of God). Electromagnetic intelligence of the human brain, so called "self", experiences life by means of frequencies only. It possesses all the attributes of a computer. To name just a few, it downloads information in frequencies, stores and creates abstract ideas on its own; its content, such as lifetime memories of an individual, can be retrieved and modified. "Self" means certain codified frequencies as thought (including devising new thoughts), smell, touch, taste or audiovisuals. The researchers reveal that electromagnetic intelligence of a man is in his capacity to receive a subliminal message in the form of touch by directly impacting the body tissue with radiation, or by receiving certain codified frequencies through "self" that recognizes the touch, at least by the location it occurred and by the type of sensation. What this means is that electromagnetic intelligence of a man, so called "self", possesses information that developed a human organism and integrated all functions of the human body.
By observing actual reality or just by means of electromagnetic frequency, an individual absorbs information in abundance of different variables and characteristics. If analyzed, each variable can be identified within the band of electromagnetic frequency, and it follows that every variable, every characteristic of the message can be manipulated - copied, rendered or modified. Picturing the electromagnetic experiences of life of a man entails that the essence of our existence comes to one end - for "self" to live through as many pleasant events as possible by means of electromagnetic frequencies. These seem have been the reason for our living and enjoyment. Sentiments of a man as the most intelligent being that has ever existed are illusory. Recognition and appreciation should be given to supreme intelligence for granting a man intellect that equals its own.
Should any discipline find these findings purposefully useful they do bring a sufficient criterion for validating the theory of intelligent design as scientific. It should be understood that whoever acquires knowledge of the process of our Creation, receives valuable information of how to replicate the process, regenerate a living organism, cure a human, and develop continuum of his existence to youthful biological immortality.
Copyright (c) 2008 Anatoliy K. and Aurika A. Grynko
Intellect alone was the highest cause of the order in nature which with degrees of complexity arrived at the birth of humankind. Initiation of matter to the level of highly structured systematic unity is to be addressed to the action of supreme intellect that exercised, relatively fundamental to our knowledge, power of radiation in the creation of the living world. Simply saying, Intellect was the only quality that created matter, a living organism and human intelligence. Supporting the previous statement, the researchers name the discovered; first, electromagnetic radiation as universal medium of determination and second, electromagnetic intelligence of a man - a "microsoft" data processing unit of the human brain. The living world, with its diversity, was created by the use of electromagnetic radiation. The latest version represents an intelligent tool (similarly to software) of the highest causality for originating living matter, its forms and human intellect. For years, the human brain has been compared to a computer; the discovery reports that the computer is there, detectable by electromagnetic frequencies. Humanity appears to be artificial intelligence of that Supreme Being which contains the conditions of all possible effects and all embracing reality; which, the authors believe, honored a man with intellect of its own (in the image of God). Electromagnetic intelligence of the human brain, so called "self", experiences life by means of frequencies only. It possesses all the attributes of a computer. To name just a few, it downloads information in frequencies, stores and creates abstract ideas on its own; its content, such as lifetime memories of an individual, can be retrieved and modified. "Self" means certain codified frequencies as thought (including devising new thoughts), smell, touch, taste or audiovisuals. The researchers reveal that electromagnetic intelligence of a man is in his capacity to receive a subliminal message in the form of touch by directly impacting the body tissue with radiation, or by receiving certain codified frequencies through "self" that recognizes the touch, at least by the location it occurred and by the type of sensation. What this means is that electromagnetic intelligence of a man, so called "self", possesses information that developed a human organism and integrated all functions of the human body.
By observing actual reality or just by means of electromagnetic frequency, an individual absorbs information in abundance of different variables and characteristics. If analyzed, each variable can be identified within the band of electromagnetic frequency, and it follows that every variable, every characteristic of the message can be manipulated - copied, rendered or modified. Picturing the electromagnetic experiences of life of a man entails that the essence of our existence comes to one end - for "self" to live through as many pleasant events as possible by means of electromagnetic frequencies. These seem have been the reason for our living and enjoyment. Sentiments of a man as the most intelligent being that has ever existed are illusory. Recognition and appreciation should be given to supreme intelligence for granting a man intellect that equals its own.
Should any discipline find these findings purposefully useful they do bring a sufficient criterion for validating the theory of intelligent design as scientific. It should be understood that whoever acquires knowledge of the process of our Creation, receives valuable information of how to replicate the process, regenerate a living organism, cure a human, and develop continuum of his existence to youthful biological immortality.
Copyright (c) 2008 Anatoliy K. and Aurika A. Grynko
Article Source: http://ezinearticle.net
Authors: Anatoliy K. and Aurika A. Grynko, www.cogrynko.com References: Lenin's Collected Works US Congress Office of Technology Assessment from www.surveillanceissues.com Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant
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